-OUTLINE-
I. Calamansi Production
a. Technical
Description
b. Utilization
c.
Farm Practices
d. Specifications
e. Seasonality
II. Varieties
III. Growing Calamondin or Calamansi: Crop Info
and Cultural Practices
and Cultural Practices
IV.How-to Guide/Cultural Practices
a. Soil and
Climatic Adaptation
b. Plant
Propagation
c. Plot Selection
and Planting
d. Planting
Distance
e. Fertilization
f. Pruning
g. Floral Induction
h. Pests and Diseases Control
i. harvesting
V.USDA-ARS, Others, Generated Data
To Combat Citrus Greening (Update about
Citrus Greening)
VI. Calamansi Price Update as of September
2013
VII. TayNanding… The Man (Successful
Calamansi Farm Owner)
VIII. Prospect & Investment
a. Postharvest
Practices
b. SWOT Analysis
c. Major Export
Markets
IX. Calamansi Average
Production Cost and Returns
Particular 2009
X. References
I.
Calamansi Production
a.
Technical Description
Calamansi or calamondin (Citrofortunellamicrocarpa)
belongs to the citrus family. It is a fruit tree native in the Philippines. The
tree is low set, spreading and well branched. The leaves are broad and oval and
dark green to pale green on the upper and lower surfaces, respectively. The
fruit is usually small and round, ranging from 3.0 to 3.0 inches in diameter.
The rind may be thin or thick.
b.
Utilization
Calamansi is a rich source of vitamin C. its juice is used as a
flavoring ingredient or as an additive in various food preparations. The pulp
can be utilized in beverages, syrups, concentrates, and purees; whereas, the
peel can be need in making jams, candies and marmalade. With its alkalinizing
effect calamansi helps blood circulate energy and facilitates normal digestion.
c.
Farm Practices
Small-scale farmers of Western Visayas allot an average of 0.5ha to
calamansi production. Big growers devote as much as 13 hectares. Roughly 900 to
1,000 trees can be planted in a hectare of land. Calamansi is propagated either
sexually (through seeds) or asexually (through its vegetable parts). Grafting
and marketing are among asexual method of propagation. Calamansi transplanting
usually occurs at the onset of rainy season. After transplanting, fertilizer
application is maintained. Pests are controlled through pesticide spraying.
Guimaras is a major calamansi producer in Region 6. Wholesalers from Panay
Island procure directly from the barangays of Guimaras based on arrangements.
In some cases, the buyers bring their own harvesters or hire local workers.
d.
Specifications
For wholesale buying calamansi is green, fresh, thin-skinned and juicy.
During the peak supply months, farmers sell calamansi in assorted sizes. During
lean months, calamansi are classifies by size for better financial returns. The
unit of measurement is kilogram. Calamansi is usually packed in sacks or in
kaings of 25 kg net weight.
For retail selling, calamansi is classifies according to size: small
medium large and rejects. Medium-sized calamansi is prevalent in the markets,
particularly in the peak season. It is retailed by kilogram or by pile or
tumpok depending on the buyer’s
preference. The minimum transaction volume is one kilogram or 1 pile.
e.
Seasonality
Calamansi is abundant throughout the year except during rainy season.
Calamansi sizes depend on the season. Calamansi is usually big when the supply
is high. However, during the months of summer, it’s usually small.
I.
Varieties
Citrangequat
The citrangequat is a trigeneric citrus hybrid of a citrange and a kumquat, developed by Dr. Walter Swingle at Eustis, Florida, in 1909. Citrangequats are bitter in taste, but are considerededible by some at the peak of their maturity.
Limequat
It is
a small tree that grows into a contained bushy form.
The leaves are characteristically citrus-like. The limequat produces
an abundance of fruit even at a young age. The fruit is small, oval, greenish
yellow and contains seeds or
pips. It has a sweet tasting skin and a bitter sweet pulp that tastes similar
to limes. The fruit can be eaten whole or the juice and rind can be used to
flavor drinks and dishes. It has considerable amounts of vitamin C and is strongly acidic.
This
plant is now grown in Japan, Israel, Spain, Malaysia, South Africa, Armenia,
the United Kingdom and the United States in California, Florida, and Texas. The
fruit can be found, in small quantities, during the fall and winter months in
the United States,India and Japan.
Sunquat
A sunquat,
also known as lemonquat or lemondrop, is a variety of citrus fruit, having an edible rind. It was initially created by Leslie Cude in Beeville, Texas, as
a chance hybrid between alemon (likely a 'Meyer') and a kumquat. The fruit is often sliced thin, having a somewhat
tart flavor.
Yuzuquat
A yuzuquat is a trigeneric hybrid between a Yuzu lemon and 'Nagami' kumquat, developed by Dr. John Brown in Texas. The fruit often is used as a lemon substitute and is very seedy.
Luz Calamansi (seedless calamansi [2009])
There’s a new calamansi which offers excellent money-making possibilities not
just for big-time planters in the countryside but even for urban dwellers with
limited space in their backyards.
This is the Luz calamansi, named after former First
Lady Luz Banzon Magsaysay, mother of Sen. Ramon Magsaysay, Jr. A project is
being funded by the office of Sen. Magsaysay to search for agricultural crops
with export potential so these could be produced commercially. And the new
calamansi has been chosen as the first crop for mass multiplication under the
project which is being implemented by the Mama Sita Foundation in cooperation
with the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development, and the Philippine Agricultural Resources Research
Foundation.
The new calamansi which was introduced some two
years ago (but which has not been released to the public) has a number of
desirable characteristics that make it a potential money-maker not just for
export but for the local market as well. It is much juicier than the ordinary
calamansi. Each fruit usually has two seeds while the ordinary variety may have
as many as 10 or more seeds. Given sufficient fertilizer, irrigation and the
right management, the fruits may be bigger than the ordinary kind. When ripe,
the fruits also have an attractive golden yellow color.
The fact that it is very juicy, it is a good
material for juice production. Calamansi juice is increasingly becoming popular
not only in the export market but also locally. When grown in a plantation and
given the right management, the variety could be highly productive. The plants
that are being grown in large containers at the garden of Dr. Benito S. Vergara
in Los Banos are very fruitful. It is safe to say that the trees could be much
more productive when grown in the ground.
The main objective of the project funded by Sen.
Magsaysay is for the identified varieties to be mass-propagated as fast as
possible for commercial production. The Luz calamansi was formally released
during the recent garden show in Los Banos. Since the available mother plants
are still limited, the preferred buyers are those who are interested in
multiplying the same. Small rooted cuttings are priced at P100 each. Bigger
ones which are starting to bear fruit are being sold at P350 each while heavily
fruiting mother plants grown in rubberized containers are priced at P5,000
each.
The fruiting mother plants may look expensive at
first glance, but they could be more advantageous for the propagator to buy.
After all, the plants have plenty of branches from which a lot of materials
could be obtained for budding or grafting. The branches could also be
multiplied by marcotting. Although marcotting will prove to be a slower means
of propagation, the advantage is that the marcots are bigger arid could be the
new Source of scions within a short time. The initial cost of a fruiting mother
plant (P5,000) could be recovered within a short time.
,We are very sure that from now on, he who can
produce planting materials the fastest will make a lot of money. This is
because a lot of growers are surely interested to plant an outstanding variety
such as the Luz calamansi. At the start, the propagator could sell his planting
materials at a high price, say P150 per grafted plant about a foot tall and
starting to bear flowers.
What’s good about calamansi is that it can be grown
in practically every place in the country. Hence, there is an unlimited market
for planting materials.
Another money-making possibility is the production
of fruiting trees in containers. Such plants could be saleable to families in
the urban areas who would like to have a ready source of calamansi fruits for
their own home use. Other possible buyers of fruiting potted calamansi are the
Chinese families during the Chinese New Year. The grower will only have to see
to it that the potted calamansi trees would have a lot of ripe fruits in the
months of January to February. The good thing is that calamansi can be induced
to bear fruit at the desired time.
To produce potted calamansi with golden ripe fruits
during the Chinese New Year, the grower will just have to induce the plants to
flower in June. This can be done by stressing the trees by withholding water
for a month before the desired flowering date. After that, the plants will have
to be watered adequately. In due time the flowers will emerge.
Yes, here is one more opportunity for the
enterprising plant propagator to make good money.
I.
Growing Calamondin or
Calamansi: Crop Info
and Cultural Practices
and Cultural Practices
The calamondin
tree ( x Citrofortunellamicrocarpa, syn.
Citrus microcarpa, Citrus mitis and xCitrofortunellamitis),
is also known as China orange and golden lime; calamansi, kalamansi,
kalamonding and limonsito in the Philippines; jerukperes, jerukkasturi, and
jerukpotong in Indonesia; limaukesturi and limauchuit in Malaysia; and
sommapit, somchit and manao-wan in Thailand.
This fruit crop
probably originated in China as a result of natural crossing between mandarin
and kumquat. It is now widely grown in India and all over South and Southeast
Asia, and almost everywhere. In some countries, it is a popular house plant.
This plant is a
shrub or small tree with a long taproot, 2-7.5 m tall. Trees grown from seed
start fruit production 5-6 years after planting, but this is shortened to 3
years or less by planting asexually propagated seedlings.
Flowering and
fruiting is year round, with a peak harvest season lasting for 3 months which
falls during the months of August to October in the Philippines.
The calamondin
fruit is well known for its acid juice which is used as a flavoring for dishes
comprising seafood and meat. Commercially, this sour-tasting juice is processed
into concentrate, drinks, and various products.
Fruits are round,
greenish-yellow with a diameter of about 2-4.5 cm, and reaches full maturity in
about 5 months after flowering. Like other citrus species such as pummelo and
mandarin, the calamondinfruit is rich in phosphorus, calcium, iron and vitamin
C.
A 3-year old calamondin tree may yield 0.75
kg of fruits. A 6-year old tree may bear up to 5000 fruits with an average
yield of 10 kg; a 10-year old, 50 kg.
II.
How-to Guide /
Cultural Practices
a.
Soil and Climatic
Adaptation
Calamondin or
kalamansi is adapted to warm climates but it can also grow in cool, frost-free areas.
It can grow in any soil type but prefers a well-drained, sandy or clay loam
soil rich in organic matter, pH 5.5-7.0, in locations with annual rainfall of
1500-2000 mm. It has moderate tolerance to drought and shade but cannot
tolerate excessive moisture and strong winds.
b.
Plant Propagation
Calamondin can be
propagated by seed or by asexual method. Seedlings raised from seed are
true-to-type and spiny. Clonal seedlings can also be propagated by stem
cutting, air layering or marcotting, budding and grafting. For large scale
production, shield and chip budding, cleft or wedge grafting, and rooting of
stem cuttings under continuous mist or in non-mist propagation chamber have
been practiced.
For growing in the
backyard or in containers (pots), air layering or marcotting is recommended.
Marcottedcalamondin trees are spineless with small stature, and readilly bear
fruits. (Click to read the procedures in marcotting)
c.
Pot Selection and
Planting
Seedlings should
be planted at the onset of the rainy season in places where there is a
pronounced dry and rainy season. But in places where rainfall is evenly
distributed throughout the year, where there is irrigation, or in backyard and
pot gardening, planting can be done anytime.
For field
planting, the seedlings are carefully laid on holes dug at least 40 cm wide and
deep. The removed topsoil is replaced, preferably mixed with compost. Watering
should be done daily.
For pot planting,
any container can be used depending on preference based on such considerations
as durability, aesthetics, cost, and final size of the tree. Pots with top
diameter in excess of 8 inches (20.3 cm) are generally recommended for shrubs.
Potting can be started with small pots and progressively changed to bigger ones
as the plant becomes bigger. The potting medium should be fertile, rich in
organic matter and loose, which can be obtained by mixing topsoil, sand and
compost (click to read Growing Dwarf Potted Bamboo).
If grown as a
houseplant, sufficient light should be provided.
d.
Planting Distance
The planting distance for growing calamondin
in the orchard under monoculture ranges from 4-6 m in square, rectangular or
triangular system. This is equivalent to a calculated population density of
about 278-719 trees per hectare, depending on plant-to-plant distance and the
planting system to be adopted. With 5 m x 5 m spacing in square system, the
population density per hectare will be 400.
For potted plants, the pot-to-pot distance is
dictated only by the size of the plant canopy which should not be allowed to
overlap in order to maximize light penetration.
e.
Fertilization
Nitrogenous
fertilizers like urea should be applied at the rate of 50-100 g per tree
starting 1 month after planting and every other 6 months. This rate is increased
to 200-300 g per tree in the second year. When the tree starts bearing fruits
commercially, 350-400 g of complete fertilizer is applied, the rate increased
correspondingly as the tree becomes bigger.
The fertilizers can
be distributed into 6-8 holes around the tree and timed with the onset and end
of the rainy season or just before the start of flowering. The incorporation of
organic fertilizers in the fertilization plan will also benefit the plant by providing
micronutrients.
With potted
calamondin, it is better to apply slow-release fertilizers. Likewise, the use
of 1-2 percent solution of a mixture of nitrogen and complete fertilizer may be
an alternative, to be applied regularly as a soil drench.
f.
Pruning
Pruning
should be employed to remove excess, diseased and dead branches. To maximize
light penetration, 3-5 lateral branches in spiral arrangement are allowed to
develop starting from about 1 ft (30 cm) from the base of the trunk. Pruning
may be done also to limit expansion of the tree canopy.
To enhance
the increase in the size of the tree that will be capable of producing more
fruits, fruit development in the early years may be deferred. This involves
flower and fruit pruning or the deliberate removal of flowers and fruitlets to
allow the concentration of food into the developing vegetative parts.
g. Floral Induction
Calamondin
trees can be forced to flush and flower by heavy watering. This can be done 1-2
months prior to the normal flowering time. However, plant response is usually
more elicited when the trees have been stressed by dry months prior to floral
induction.
Plant
physiologist Nasir Malik of Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural Research
Center, Weslaco, Texas, has also developed a temperature-controlled growth
chamber which was effective in inducing grapefruit trees to produce new
flushes. Trees that were placed in the growth chambers for 10 weeks flowered
almost immediately when transferred to the greenhouse.
h. Pests and Diseases
Control
Numerous
insect pests attack the calamondin tree. These include the citrus bark borers,
aphids, and scales. Red mites which are arachnids may also become serious
pests. In orchards, regular monitoring for pest incidence and spraying of
insectides or miticides should be a part of the management program, especially
during flushing period.
A serious
disease is leaf mottling which is internationally known as citrus greening,
transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorinacitri).
The psyllids live and reproduce on new shoots and need to be eradicated in
order to prevent citrus greening. Likewise, quarantine measures should be
effected to prevent the introduction of diseased or psyllid-infested citrus
plants, as well as the popular ornamental plant orange jessamine or kamuning (Murrayapaniculata), being a favored host
of the psyllid.
Other common
diseases are gummosis, citrus canker and citrus scab. Gummosis is caused
byPhytophthora fungi and usually occurs where there is mechanical damage to the
stem or where there is either lack or excess fertilizer. The disease is
characterized by a dark sticky exudate or gum which oozes out of the infected
part of the branch or trunk. Prompt spraying or painting of fungicide solution
should be done directly to the diseased area.
i.
Harvesting
Mature fruits
are harvested either by hand or by clipping with a pair of scissors. To prolong
shelf life, a portion of the pedicel is left attached to the fruit and injury
to the skin should be avoided. Storage at 8-10 C with relative humidity of 90%
will further extend the freshness of the fruits up to 3 weeks.
III.
USDA-ARS,
Others, Generated Data
to Combat Citrus Greening (Update about Citrus Greening)
The citrus
greening disease, also known as “Huanglongbing” or HLB, is presently considered
as the most serious disease affecting the U.S. citrus industry. In 2005, it
devastated the citrus industry of Florida, causing damage and lost revenue
amounting to millions of dollars.
Diseased
plants produce fruits which turn green after ripening. It is believed that the
causal organism is the bacterium CandidatusLiberibacterasiaticus.
The Asian
citrus psyllid, carrier of the citrus greening disease (image courtesy of
USDA-ARS).
A few years
back, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) which transmits the disease has been found
in Texas and California. Texas is the third largest producer of citrus fruits
in the United States, mostly in the Rio Grande Valley. The Valley produces
grapefruit as its top citrus crop, with some orange, tangerine, tangelo, and
Meyer lemon.
Responding to
request for assistance by the Texas growers who fear a possible outbreak,
scientists of the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA-ARS) at the Kika de la Garza Subtropical Agricultural
Research Center (SARC) in Weslaco, Texas, have embarked into accelerated
research initiatives.
These
scientists are now working in cooperation with federal and university personnel
to develop a holistic strategy that can be applied to control infection and
spread of the disease. The participation of neighboring countries like Mexico
and other international partners is likewise deemed important because citrus is
grown worldwide and thus the citrus greening disease is of worlwide concern.
Despite the
short time, the following research outputs have been generated in the race for
solutions to control citrus greening:
1.
Entomologist Donald Thomas of the Crop Quality and Fruit Insects Research Unit
(CQFIRU), leader of the area-wide project, found that increase in psyllid
population occurs with new growth, called "flush," which is favored
by heavy rainfall and warm temperature. Psyllids rely on flushing shoots for
their reproduction and development.
2. Working
with Mexican and U.S. federal cooperators, Thomas identified a tiny wasp named
Tamarixiaradiata as a potential biological control agent. Other possibles are
lacewings, beetles, spiders, and predatory mites.
3. In a
related project, molecular biologist Jesse de Leon, with the Beneficial Insects
Research Unit (BIRU), and colleagues from North and South America found two
groups of Asian citrus psyllid, one prevalent in South America and the other in
North America. Through molecular testing, these two groups were found to be
genetically distinct. This suggests that each continent was invaded by psyllids
from different Asian countries. This finding further suggests that natural
enemies of psyllids may have to be collected from different Asian countries.
4. Research
is going on to find a material that will mimic the flushing shoots that attract
the Asian citrus psyllid which uses sight and scent to find food. This will be
necessary for baiting and trapping. Comparative studies conducted by Joseph
Patt, also with the BIRU, under greenhouse conditions revealed that more
psyllids are attracted to cards colored yelowish-green scented with petitgrain
oils than did unscented cards. Petitgrain oils are essential oils from orange
jessamine, an ornamental plant that is related to citrus, that are used as
perfume bases.
5. A key to
accelerated research to better understand the psyllid’s interaction with citrus
plants is the forced flushing of the shoots so that year-round testing can be
conducted. This is important in order to find prompt solutions to prevent a
citrus greening outbreak. To this end, plant physiologist Nasir Malik succeeded
in developing temperature-controlled growth chambers.
Grapefruit
trees were placed in the growth chambers at temperatures of 4-8 C at night time
and 18 C during the day for 2 weeks. When the trees were transferred to the
greenhouse where temperatures are warmer (26 C at night and 29 C during the
day), they produced some flushes. Longer treatments induced more flushing.
Trees that were placed in the growth chambers for 10 weeks flowered almost
immediately when transferred to the greenhouse.
Malik also
succeeded in inducing the production of new flushes in other trees including
guava, pomegranate, and chapote (Casimiroagreggii).
6. Graduate
student Deanna Chapa and cooperators from university, private industry, and
government sectors compiled an online database of approved pesticides for the
control of psyllid. This is a convenient reference for citrus growers who are
searching for effective pesticides that can be used to control the psyllids.
With the help
of the ARS scientists, there will be no citrus greening outbreak, either in Rio
Grande Valley or elsewhere in the U.S. The research outputs will likewise find
application in other places worldwide where citrus is grown. For now, the
disease can be prevented by timely control of the Asian citrus psyllid.
(Ben G.
Bareja, December 2010)
IV.
TayNanding’s
Success Story
SagradaFamilia – a distant barangay of
Dumarao, Capiz, about an hour drive from the heart of the municipality.
In this hidden barrio lives 55-year old Fernando Tingson with his wife
Evelyn Gentebano-Tingson, and the couple’s only child Fet, a 23 year old
Nautical Engineering graduate from John B. Lacson Colleges Foundation in Iloilo
City.
Spouses Fernando
and Evelyn are both natives of Leganes, Iloilo, but by reason of choice, they
decided to settle and raise their small family in Barangay SagradaFamilia.
Here, farming became the couple’s way of life. They used to lease a two-hectare
rice land from which they generate an average income of Php20,000.00 per
cropping. In 1994, the family acquired a 1.68 hectare land through a group CLOA
from the landholdings of Ramon Benjamin Jr. on which they maintained a
self-financed plantation of sugarcane, citrus and calamansi.
Mr. Tingson is a
hands-on farmer. Though he can afford to hire workers on his farm, one would
never see him standing and giving orders to his workers, rather, he himself would
do the dirty job as well because he believes that a farmer would never be able
to appreciate fully the fruits of his farm unless he himself works under the
heat of the sun.
In the year 2003,
TayNanding was able to generate an annual income of Php300,000.00 from
citrus, Php72,000.00 from calamansi and Php60,000.00 from three croppings of
rice. According to him finding market for his produced was never a problem
because his buyers from the nearby municipalities would just go to his farm to
buy his products.
Seeing the
plantation’s capability to yield a much higher income if subjected to modern
technology, under the Agribusiness Program of the Department of Land Reform,
Mr. Tingson availed of the benefits of the Technology Transfer project. Through
ARCP’s intervention, he was encouraged to expand his citrus plantation. He was
then given the opportunity to attend various trainings which provided him with
even better skills he could apply to citrus and calamansi production. Among the
trainings he attended are i. Training on Sustainable Agriculture, Diversified
and Organic Farming Systems conducted by the Center for Agrarian Reform and
Development in 2001; ii. Farm Planning and Budgetting Seminar; iii.Training on
the Application of Farming Systems Development (FSD) Approach (Phase III) in
Selected ARCs and iv. Farmer Paratechnicians Training on General Sustainable
Agriculture and Extension System Development which was held in Cebu City in
1998. He also had the chance to participate in other trainings such as Rural
Infrastructure Technicians Skills Training; and the Seminar on Resource
Mobilization and Accessing for ARC Organization.
Of course,
whatever new knowledge he has acquired from those trainings have been very
useful not only for TayNanding but also for his friends with whom he shared
such knowledge.
This successful
farmer also believes that as a leader, he should exhibit a good example to
others, that’s why he made it a point to keep a good record in the payment of
his land amortization with the Land Bank of the Philippines-Passi Branch for 11
years now. As a matter of fact, with the good income from his farm, TayNanding
is planning to pay his land amortization in full sooner than scheduled.
With the six-digit
annual family income, and with their only child having graduated from college,
the couple is able to finance 100% of their farm and even maintain a good sum
in a bank
TayNanding, by
nature is a simple, friendly, helpful, humble and approachable person. With all
these qualities, plus the man’s inherent ability to lead, he was elected and
reelected for several times as one of SagradaFamilia’s Barangay Kagawad. He
served as such for more than 20 years from 1980 until 2002. He is also a past
Chairman of the SagradaFamilia Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries Multi Purpose
Cooperative for a term of three years, at present, he is a regular and active
member of the same.
TayNanding also
served as Chairman of the SagradaFamilia Barangay Agrarian Reform Council
(BARC) for two consecutive terms (1996-1999 and 1999-2002). After his second
term, he never stopped assisting the newly elected BARC Chairman and its other
officers. To date, Mr. Tingson is the Vice Chairman of the Citrus Growers
Association and a member of the Hog Growers Association in SagradaFamilia.
Having nothing to
worry about, Mr. Tingson dreams of going back to politics. He plans to run for
Barangay Captain of SagradaFamilia in the next Barangay Election so he could
have a better chance of helping the barrio folks. Though not born in
SagradaFamilia, he still considers himself a native of the barangay and wishes
to share his blessings with his “kasimaryos” as his own way of thanksgiving
V.
PROSPECT &
INVESTMENT
·
Market demand of Calamansi either fresh fruits or processed is very
high.
·
There is a growing market demand for processed calamansi in the
domestic
market in the form of pasteurized juice,
jellies, puree, etc.
·
Adoption of appropriate technology is relatively high in the province.
·
Approximately about P36,000.00 is required for the establishment of a
hectare of calamansi orchard and maintenance
cost until the bearing
age of
3.5-4.0 year. about 35% of the costs is
attributed to labor and 30% for
fertilizers, budded seedlings, pesticides and
35% is spent for
acquisition of
fixed assets.
·
Budded seedlings commence fruiting on the third year with an
approximate yield of 7 kilos of fruits per
tree and increasing
onwards as
the tree ages. Maximum production performance
per tree occurs
from 9
to 15 years of age. Estimated return on
investment per hectare is
72%.
VI.
Calamansi Average
Production Cost and Returns
CASH COSTS 33,556.00
Seeds/Planting
Materials……………………………………………………………………………………………………...0.00
Fertilizer……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…0.00
Fertilizer
Organic……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….367.00
Fertilizer
Inorganic………………………………………………………………………………………………………….4,977.00
Folliar………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..202.00
Folliar Solid
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0.00
Folliar
Liquid………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….0.00
Soil Ameliorants
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………0.00
Soil Ameliorants
Solid …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0.00
Pesticides.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………930.00
Pesticides
Solid……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………29.00
Pesticides
Liquid……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….901.00
Other Material
Inputs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………0.00
Other Material
Inputs Solid…………………………………………………………………………………………………..0.00
Other Material
Inputs Liquid…………………………………………………………………………………………………0.00
Hired
Labor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..22,740.00
Wages for Overseer…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..484.00
Land
Tax……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………410.00
Rentals:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………0.00
Land……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………68.00
Animals………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...0.00
Machine………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0.00
Machine, Tools and
Equipment…………………………………………………………………………………………..38.00
Water/Electric
Bills……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….0.00
Fuel and
Oil……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….450.00
Transport of
Inputs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………486.00
Irrigation
Fee………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14.00
Interest Payment
on Crop Loan…………………………………………………………………………………………..28.00
Food
Expenses……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1,067.00
Repairs…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1,295.00
Landlord's Share …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0.00
Electric
Bill…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….0.00
Others…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..0.00
NON-CASH
COSTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….1,270.00
Seeds Paid in
Kind…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………0.00
Hired Labor Paid
in Kind………………………………………………………………………………………………………69.00
Wages for Overseer
Paid in Kind……………………………………………………………………………………….236.00
Rentals Machine
and Vehicle………………………………………………………………………………………………..0.00
Landlord's Share
Paid in Kind…………………………………………………………………………………………….118.00
Harvester's Share………………………………………………………………………………………………………………502.00
Lease
Rental………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………345.00
IMPUTED
COSTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………….17,625.00
Operator and
Family Labor…………………………………………………………………………………………….4,707.00
Exchange
Labor…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10.00
Depreciation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1,507.00
Interest on
Operating Capital…………………………………………………………………………………………4,675.00
Rental Value of
Owned Land………………………………………………………………………………………….6,726.00
ALL COST……….…………………………………………………………………………………………………………52,451.00
GROSS
RETURN………………………………………………………………………………………………………187,292.00
RETURNS ABOVE CASH COSTS…………………………………..……………………………………………153,736.00
RETURNS ABOVE CASH & NON-CASH
COSTS………………..…………………………………………152,466.00
NET
RETURNS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………134,841.00
NET PROFIT- COST
RATIO……………………………………………….…………………………………………………2.57
Cost Per Kilogram in Pesos………………………………………………………………………………………………..5.71
Yield Per Hectare in Kilograms……………………………………………………………………………………9,190.00
Farmgate Price in Pesos Per
Kilogram……………………………..………………………………………………20.38
VII.
References
http://www.da.gov.ph/tips/calamansi.html,
accessed December 26, 2010.
http://www.cropsreview.com/calamondin.html
http://www.cropsreview.com/citrus-greening.html
http://mboard.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/forum/viewtopic.php?id=9116
http://afmis.da.gov.ph/index.php/component/docman/doc_download/1207-calamansicostandreturn2009.html
Verheij,
E.W.M. and R.E. Coronel (eds.). 1992. Edible fruits and nuts. Plant Resources
of South-East Asia No. 2. Bogor, Indonesia: Prosea Foundation. pp. 117-119.
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